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音頻科普：海豚能用回聲定位
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音頻科普：海豚能用回聲定位
?Something Clicks for Dolphin Identification海豚能用回聲定位
Machine-learning algorithms teased seven distinct dolphin clicking patterns from a library of more than 50 million clicks, identifying one species by sound alone.
機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法梳理出了海豚超過五千萬種拍擊中的七種模式，僅從聲音就能判別種群。
撰文/播音 Christopher Intagliata?克里斯托福?因塔爾利亞他
翻譯?張心茹
審校?張清越
?
Light doesn't travel well underwater. So dolphins and other toothed whales navigate like bats, using echolocating clicks. <>
光在水中不能良好地傳播，因此海豚和其他齒鯨像蝙蝠一樣利用拍擊的回聲定位導(dǎo)航。
"They're like lasers of sound they produce out of their forehead, and they bounce them off things the same way bats do, to interpret their environment."
“他們從前額發(fā)出的聲音像激光，像蝙蝠發(fā)出的聲音一樣在周圍反射，以此來了解四周的環(huán)境”
Kait Frasier is an oceanographer at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. And her studies of underwater clicks include tossing computers, worth $100,000 dollars each, over the side of a ship, into the Gulf of Mexico.
凱特?弗萊瑟是斯克里普斯海洋學(xué)研究所（Scripps Institution of Oceanography）的一名海洋學(xué)家。她對水下拍擊的研究動用了每臺價值十萬美元的計算機(jī)，她把計算機(jī)安裝在船的側(cè)面，伸入墨西哥灣的海域里。
"It just feels so wrong. But a year later you go back, you send out this little ping signal, it goes, doo doo doo doo doo, and that goes out to the instrument and it drops its weights and floats to the surface. And it's this magical moment, like 'I never thought we'd get that back.'"
“一開始感覺很不好。但一年后回來，發(fā)射輕微的信號后，嘟 嘟 嘟 ，這些聲音傳入儀器，它失重，浮出水面。這是一個神奇的時刻，我從未想過我們會看到它們回來。”
The waterproof computers have underwater microphones attached…. So when they float back up, they're loaded with a symphony of underwater sounds. Including more than 50 million clicks. <> And by the way that sample was slowed down by half, and lowered an octave.
這些防水電腦附帶有水下麥克風(fēng)……所以當(dāng)它們浮起時，它們錄滿了水下聲音組成的交響曲。包括了五千萬中拍擊聲《拍擊交響樂》同時這些樣品減慢一半速度，降了八度。
Frasier used to comb through that audio, staring at the signals, trying to differentiate one from the other. "Yeah, more than i would like to spend my time sifting through."
弗萊瑟曾經(jīng)梳理這些音頻，觀察這些信號，試圖區(qū)分它們。“我不想把時間都花在整理它們上。”
So she set machine learning algorithms at the data instead… which sifted out seven distinct clicking patterns. And the algorithms were able to identify one species—called Risso's dolphin—by sound alone. ?The results are in the journal PLOS Computational Biology. [Kaitlin E. Frasier et al., Automated classification of dolphin echolocation click types from the Gulf of Mexico]
所以她轉(zhuǎn)而對數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)置了機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法……篩選了七種不同的拍擊模式。這個算法可以僅通過聲音識別其中一個物種，里索海豚（Risso's dolphin）。這些結(jié)果收錄于PLOS計算生物學(xué)雜志[Kaitlin E. Frasier et al., Automated classification of dolphin echolocation click types from the Gulf of Mexico]
Traditional marine mammal surveys scan surface waters from a boat, and extrapolate from there. But this tech might offer an alternative. "Instead of going out on a boat you put this instrument out, and it does this passive acoustic listening for a year, or many years in a row, and you can use that to get better time series of these animals over a long period of time."
If it can figure out how to tease out more individual species types, this survey method might really click.
傳統(tǒng)的海洋哺乳動物研究只從船上搜索海面，然后根據(jù)水面結(jié)果推斷。但這種技術(shù)或許提供了一種新思路。“除了駕船出海，你可以攜帶這個設(shè)備，它可以被動接收一年的音頻信號，也可以是多年，然后你可以用它了解更長時間跨度內(nèi)的動物行為時間。”如果它能解決如何梳理出更多的物種類型，這種研究方法將會真正“聲”動學(xué)界。
—Christopher Intagliata
原文鏈接：https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/something-clicks-for-dolphin-identification/
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?
?Something Clicks for Dolphin Identification海豚能用回聲定位
Machine-learning algorithms teased seven distinct dolphin clicking patterns from a library of more than 50 million clicks, identifying one species by sound alone.
機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法梳理出了海豚超過五千萬種拍擊中的七種模式，僅從聲音就能判別種群。
撰文/播音 Christopher Intagliata?克里斯托福?因塔爾利亞他
翻譯?張心茹
審校?張清越
?
Light doesn't travel well underwater. So dolphins and other toothed whales navigate like bats, using echolocating clicks. <
光在水中不能良好地傳播，因此海豚和其他齒鯨像蝙蝠一樣利用拍擊的回聲定位導(dǎo)航。
"They're like lasers of sound they produce out of their forehead, and they bounce them off things the same way bats do, to interpret their environment."
“他們從前額發(fā)出的聲音像激光，像蝙蝠發(fā)出的聲音一樣在周圍反射，以此來了解四周的環(huán)境”
Kait Frasier is an oceanographer at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. And her studies of underwater clicks include tossing computers, worth $100,000 dollars each, over the side of a ship, into the Gulf of Mexico.
凱特?弗萊瑟是斯克里普斯海洋學(xué)研究所（Scripps Institution of Oceanography）的一名海洋學(xué)家。她對水下拍擊的研究動用了每臺價值十萬美元的計算機(jī)，她把計算機(jī)安裝在船的側(cè)面，伸入墨西哥灣的海域里。
"It just feels so wrong. But a year later you go back, you send out this little ping signal, it goes, doo doo doo doo doo, and that goes out to the instrument and it drops its weights and floats to the surface. And it's this magical moment, like 'I never thought we'd get that back.'"
“一開始感覺很不好。但一年后回來，發(fā)射輕微的信號后，嘟 嘟 嘟 ，這些聲音傳入儀器，它失重，浮出水面。這是一個神奇的時刻，我從未想過我們會看到它們回來。”
The waterproof computers have underwater microphones attached…. So when they float back up, they're loaded with a symphony of underwater sounds. Including more than 50 million clicks. <
這些防水電腦附帶有水下麥克風(fēng)……所以當(dāng)它們浮起時，它們錄滿了水下聲音組成的交響曲。包括了五千萬中拍擊聲《拍擊交響樂》同時這些樣品減慢一半速度，降了八度。
Frasier used to comb through that audio, staring at the signals, trying to differentiate one from the other. "Yeah, more than i would like to spend my time sifting through."
弗萊瑟曾經(jīng)梳理這些音頻，觀察這些信號，試圖區(qū)分它們。“我不想把時間都花在整理它們上。”
So she set machine learning algorithms at the data instead… which sifted out seven distinct clicking patterns. And the algorithms were able to identify one species—called Risso's dolphin—by sound alone. ?The results are in the journal PLOS Computational Biology. [Kaitlin E. Frasier et al., Automated classification of dolphin echolocation click types from the Gulf of Mexico]
所以她轉(zhuǎn)而對數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)置了機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法……篩選了七種不同的拍擊模式。這個算法可以僅通過聲音識別其中一個物種，里索海豚（Risso's dolphin）。這些結(jié)果收錄于PLOS計算生物學(xué)雜志[Kaitlin E. Frasier et al., Automated classification of dolphin echolocation click types from the Gulf of Mexico]
Traditional marine mammal surveys scan surface waters from a boat, and extrapolate from there. But this tech might offer an alternative. "Instead of going out on a boat you put this instrument out, and it does this passive acoustic listening for a year, or many years in a row, and you can use that to get better time series of these animals over a long period of time."
If it can figure out how to tease out more individual species types, this survey method might really click.
傳統(tǒng)的海洋哺乳動物研究只從船上搜索海面，然后根據(jù)水面結(jié)果推斷。但這種技術(shù)或許提供了一種新思路。“除了駕船出海，你可以攜帶這個設(shè)備，它可以被動接收一年的音頻信號，也可以是多年，然后你可以用它了解更長時間跨度內(nèi)的動物行為時間。”如果它能解決如何梳理出更多的物種類型，這種研究方法將會真正“聲”動學(xué)界。
—Christopher Intagliata
原文鏈接：https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/something-clicks-for-dolphin-identification/
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